The Big Idea: How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution

In the latest travel of Doing Business ranking from the World Bank, one country made a spectacular leapfrom 143rd on the list to 67th. It was Rwanda, whose population and institutions had been decimated by genocide in the 1990s. On the World Bank list, Rwanda catapulted prohibited of the contiguity of Haiti, Liberia, and the West Bank and Gaza, and sailed past Italy, the Czech Republic, Turkey, and Poland. On one subindex in the study, the ease of opening a saucily business, Rwanda ranked 11th human beingwide.You can see and scour smell the signs of Rwandas business renewing at Costco, one of the retail worlds most demanding trade customers, where pungent coffee vainglorious by the nations nonaged farmer-entrepreneurs is stocked on the shelves. And in Rwanda itself the evidence is dramaticper capita gross domestic product has almost quadrupled since 1995.pic Rwanda From Genocide to Costcos ShelvesThis is the kind of change entrepreneurship can bring to a country. As Rwandas president, Paul Kagame, put it late(a)ly, Entrepreneurship is the most sure way of development. He is non a lone character Economic studies from around the globe consistently link entrepreneurship, particularly the fast- receiveth variety, with rapid job creation, GDP growth, and semipermanent productivity increases.Youll see much than palpable evidence of surprising entrepreneurial achiever stories on the Costco shelves. A few steps away from the Rwandan coffee, you can find fresh fish from Chile, which now ranks second solely to Norway as a supplier of salmon. The Chilean fish in Americas supermarkets were supplied by hundreds of new fishing-related ventures spawned in the 1980s and 1990s. A few aisles over are memory USBs invented and manufactured in Israel, a country whose irrepressible entrepreneurs have been supplying innovative technologies to the world since the 1970s. And just around the corner, the Costco pharmacy sells generic drugs made by Icelands Actavis, whose me teoric rise landed it, in just 10 years, among the conduct five orbicular generics leaders.Rwanda, Chile, Israel, and Iceland either are fertile ground for entrepreneurshipthanks in no slim part to the efforts of their governances. Though the companies behind the products on Costcos shelves were launched by innovative entrepreneurs, those businesses were all aided, either flat or indirectly, by regimen leaders who helped build environments that nurture and sustain entrepreneurship. These entrepreneurship ecosystems have become a kind of holy grail for governments around the worldin both emerging and developed countries.Unfortunately, umpteen governments take a misguided approach to building entrepreneurship ecosystems. They pursue some unattainable ideal of an ecosystem and catch to economies that are completely unlike theirs for best practices. scarcely increasingly, the most terminationive practices come from remote corners of the earth, where resourcesas well as legal frameworks, transparent governance, and democratic valuesmay be scarce. In these places entrepreneurship has a completely new face.The new practices are emerging murkily and by trial and error. This messiness should not deter leaderstheres in any case much at stake. governments need to exploit all available experience and commit to ongoing experimentation. They must follow an incomplete and ever-changing tick off of prescriptions and unrelentingly review and refine them. The alternativestaking decades to devise a model set of guidelines, acting randomly, or doing zilchall are unacceptable.But the government cannot do everything on its own the private and nonprofit sectors too must shoulder some responsibility. In numerous instances corporate executives, family-business owners, universities, professional organizations, foundations, labor organizations, financiers, and, of course, entrepreneurs themselves have initiated and level off financed entrepreneurship education, conferen ces, research, and policy advocacy. As we shall show later in this article, sometimes private initiative puzzle outs it easier for governments to act more fast-flyingly and effectively, and all stakeholdersgovernment and some otherwiseshould take every chance to show real leadership.To make progress, leaders need practical if imperfect maps and navigational guidelines. From what we know from both research and practice, heres what seems to actually work in stimulating thriving entrepreneurship ecosystems.Nine Prescriptions for Creating an Entrepreneurship EcosystemThe entrepreneurship ecosystem consists of a set of individual elements much(prenominal)(prenominal) as leadership, culture, capital markets, and open-minded customersthat combine in complex ways. (See the exhibit Do You down a Strong Entrepreneurship Ecosystem?) In isolation, individually is conducive to entrepreneurship still insufficient to sustain it. Thats where numerous governmental efforts go wrongthey addres s only one or two elements. Together, however, these elements turbocharge venture creation and growth. When combine them into one holistic system, government leaders should focus on these nine key principles.pic Do You Have a Strong Entrepreneurship Ecosystem?1 Stop Emulating Silicon valley.The n other(a) universal ambition of becoming other Silicon Valley sets governments up for frustration and failure. There is little argument that Silicon Valley is the coin standard entrepreneurship ecosystem, home to game-changing giants such as Intel, Oracle, Google, eBay, and Apple. The Valley has it all technology, money, talent, a critical mass of ventures, and a culture that encourages collaborative innovation and tolerates failure. So it is understandable when public leaders throughout the world lay to California and say, I want that.Yet, Valley envy is a poor guide for three reasons. unmatchable is that, ironically, even Silicon Valley could not become itself today if it tried. Its ecosystem evolved under a unique set of circumstances a strong local anesthetic aerospace industry, the open California culture, Stanford Universitys supportive relationships with industry, a return lode of invention from Fairchild Semiconductor, a liberal immigration policy toward doctoral students, and pure luck, among other things. either those factors set off a chaotic evolution that defies definitive determination of cause and effect.Further, Silicon Valley is fed by an overabundance of technology and technical expertness. Developing knowledge- base industrythe mantra of governments everywhereis an admirable aspiration, but achieving it requires a massive, generation-long investment in education as well as the ability to develop maiden intellectual property. On top of that, a knowledge industry demands an enormous technology pipeline and toss pile. Consider that top venture capitalists invest in at best 1% of the technology-based businesses they look at, and a significant p roportion of that select pigeonholing fails.A third limit is that although Silicon Valley sounds as if its a place that breeds local ventures, in reality its as much a powerful magnet for ready-made entrepreneurs, who flock there from around the globe, much forming their own ethnic subcultures and organizations in what Gordon Moore, one of the Valleys graybeards, calls an industry of transplants. And difficult as it is to foster an ecosystem that encourages current inhabitants to make the entrepreneurial choice and then succeed at it, it is even harder to create an entrepreneurs Mecca.2 cause the Ecosystem Around Local Conditions.If not Silicon Valley, then what entrepreneurial vision should government leaders drive to? The most difficult, yet decisive, thing for a government is to tailor the suit to fit its own local entrepreneurship dimensions, style, and The striking dissimilarities of Rwanda, Chile, Israel, and Iceland illustrate the principle that leaders can and must fost er homegrown solutionsones based on the realities of their own circumstances, be they natural resources, geographic location, or culture.Rwandas government took a strongly interventionist dodging in the postgenocide years, identifying three local industries (coffee, tea, and tourism) that had proven potential for development. It actively organized the institutions that would support those industries by, for example, training farmers to grow and package coffee to international standards and connecting them to overseas distribution channels. Rwandas immediate priority was to provide paying employment to one million million millions of people. Its efforts led to to the highest degree 72,000 new ventures, almost entirely consisting of two- and three-person operations, which in a decade tripled exports and lessen poverty by 25%.Chile also focused on industries where it had copious natural resourcessuch as fishing. As in Rwanda, the government took a powerfully interventionist approa ch to its entrepreneurship ecosystem in Augusto Pinochets early years, and the dictators free-market ideology made it easier for Chiles middle class to obtain fiscal support and licenses for fishing operations. The government also weakened labor (sometimes brutally) to reduce new ventures input costs and unploughed Chiles currency inexpensive to maintain competitiveness in export markets.Natural resources often are not a key component of an ecosystem, however. Frequently, entrepreneurship is stimulated when such resources are scarce, requiring people to be more inventive. chinaware, Iceland, Ireland, and New Zealand, resource-poor islands far from major markets, all developed ecosystems based primarily on human being capital. So did Israel. In the 1970s and 1980s, its unique ecosystem evolved haphazardly out of a combination of factors, including spillover from large soldiery R&D efforts, strong diaspora connections to capital and customers, and a culture that prized frugality, education, and unconventional wisdom.3 Engage the one-on-one Sector from the Start.Government cannot build ecosystems alone. Only the private sector has the motivation and perspective to develop self-sustaining, profit-driven markets. For this reason, government must call for the private sector early and let it keep or acquire a significant stake in the ecosystems success.Start with a candid conversation.One way to involve the private sector is to reach out to its representatives for early, frank advice in reducing structural barriers and formulating entrepreneur-friendly policies and programs. If the necessary expertness doesnt exist domestically, it can often be found overseas among expatriates. In the 1980s the Taiwanese government engaged with the Taiwanese diaspora, consulting prominent executives in leading U.S. technology companies and establishing ongoing forums to collect their input. The government actually built programs based on the suggestions of these expats, who liked how their ideas were implemented so much that they returned home in droves in the 1990s, many of them to occupy prominent policy positions or run the new plants that were established. For example, Morris Chang, the former group vice president of Texas Instruments, came home and eventually set up and ran TSMC, Taiwans second semiconductor-fabricating plant.Taiwan Bringing Expat Entrepreneurs HomeDesign in self-liquidation.In 1993 the Israeli government created Yozma, a $100 million fund of funds that in three years spawned 10 venture capital funds. In each one, Yozma, an Israeli private partner, and a foreign private partner with proven fund solicitude expertise all invested approximately equal amounts. From the start, the Israeli government gave the private sector partners an option to buy out its interest in the funds at attractive termsa fact often unmarked by other governments that copy the Yozma model. That option was exercised by eight of the 10 funds, profitably for th e government, I competency add. Five years later the founding of Yozma, its remaining assets were liquidated by auction. The governments exit served as market proof that real value had been obtaind and is one of the reasons that the Israeli venture capital industry not only became self-sustaining but simultaneously achieved a quantum leap in growth.4 Favor the mellowed Potentials.Many programs in emerging economies spread scarce resources among quantities of bottom-of-the-pyramid ventures. And indeed, some of them, such as the Carvajal Foundation in Cali, Colombia, have dramatically increased income for segments of the population. But focusing resources there to the exclusion of high-potential ventures is a crucial mistake.In an era when microfinance for modest-scale entrepreneurs has become mainstream, the reallocation of resources to support high-potential entrepreneurs may seem elitist and inequitable. But especially if resources are limited, programs should try to focus fir st on ambitious, growth-oriented entrepreneurs who address large potential markets.The complaisant economics of high-potential ventures and small-scale employment alternatives are significantly different. Whereas 500 microfinanced sole proprietorships and one quick globalizing 500-person operation create the same number of jobs, many experts argue that the wealth creation, power to inspire other start-ups, labor force enrichment, and reputational value are much greater with the latter.One organization that recognizes this is Enterprise Ireland, an operation responsible for supporting the growth of world-class Irish companies. It has created a program specifically to provide mentoring and financial assistance to high-potential start-ups, which it defines as ventures that are export-oriented, are based on innovative technology, and can generate at least 1 million in gross sales and 10 jobs in three years. The global nonprofit tendency, which focuses on entrepreneurship developmen t in 10 emerging economies, has to date adopted some 440 high-impact entrepreneurs, who, with Endeavors mentoring, are turning their successes into persona models for their countrymen.Not all high-potential ventures are technology based in fact, Id argue that the majority are not. SABIS is a perfect example. An educational management organization founded in Lebanon many years ago as one school, SABIS now is one of the worlds largest EMOs, teaching more than 65,000 students in 15 countries, with the goal of reaching 5 million students by 2020.5 Get a Big Win on the Board.It has become clear in new years that even one success can have a surprisingly stimulating effect on an entrepreneurship ecosystemby igniting the imagination of the public and inspiring imitators. I call this effect the law of small numbers. Skypes adoption by millions and eventual $2.6 billion sale to eBay reverberated throughout the small nation of Estonia, supporting highly trained technical people to start thei r own companies. In China, Baidus market section and worldwide recognition have inspired an entire generation of new entrepreneurs. Celtels amazing success as sub-Saharan Africas leading regional mobile provider and acquisition by Zain for more than $3 billion stirred the regions pride and helped African governments fight Africa fright among investors. In Ireland it was Elan Corporation and Iona Technologies, listed on Nasdaq in 1984 and 1997, respectively, that served as guiding lights to a generation of budding entrepreneurs.sub-Saharan Africa Building Shareholder Valueand Better GovernmentEarly, visible successes help reduce the perception of entrepreneurial barriers and risks, and highlight the tangible rewards. Even modest successes can have an impact. Saudi Arabia, a nation with a dearth of entrepreneurial ventures (aside from the powerful family business groups), is fighting hard to tear down the numerous structural and cultural obstacles entrepreneurs face. One young Saudi, Abdullah Al-Munif, left his salaried job, tightened his belt, fought the bureaucracy, and started a business making chocolate-covered dates. He ultimately grew the business, Anoosh, into a national chain of 10 high street stores and turned an eye to overseas markets. like a shot when Al-Munif appears as a panelist at entrepreneurship seminars, he is swamped by aspiring Saudi entrepreneurs who take eagerness from his bravery, realizing that neither capital, nor technology, nor connections are essential to success.Overcelebrate the successes.Governments should be bold about celebrating thriving entrepreneurial ventures. Media events, highly bare awards, and touts in government literature, speeches, and interviews all have an impact.This is not as straightforward as it may seem, because many cultures discourage any public display of success as boastful or an invitation to either disconsolate luck or the tax collector. Whereas in Hong Kong even small-scale entrepreneurs drive blac k Mercedes to project their status, in the Middle East flaunting ones success publicly can attract the envy of neighbors or, worse, the fiendish eye.Kenyas first international call center, KenCall, founded by Nicholas Nesbitt and two partners in 2004, built an international mien by overcoming many bureaucratic and structural barriers, including the lack of a high-speed optical fiber gathering to the international communications grid. The Kenyan government didnt wait until KenCall became big to sing its praises even when it was a fledgling operation, the government brought in foreign delegations for visits, promoted the partnership in official publications and press releases, and hosted an international outsourcing conference. Government officials also used KenCalls example to push for reforms, which expedited the construction of East Africas first undersea optical fiber linkan example of how entrepreneurial success can facilitate structural change, not just the other way around .6 Tackle Cultural Change Head-On.Changing a profoundly ingrained culture is enormously difficult, but both Ireland and Chile demonstrate that it is possible to alter societal norms about entrepreneurship in less than a generation. Until the 1980s employment in government, financial services, or market-gardening was the main aspiration of Irelands young people. There was zero tolerance for loan defaults, and bankruptcy was stigmatized. Parents reject their children from setting out on their own, so few nurtured dreams of starting their own business.But by the 1990s, after successful pioneers paved the way, hundreds of new software companies had been launched in Ireland. Some exported products some went public. Many achieved healthy sales revenues. Just as important, entrepreneurs learned that it was possible to fail and regroup to try again. If you wanted to be reckon and interpreted seriously, you needed to be a founder with a stake in a company trying to do something, recalls Barry Murphy, who was national software director at Enterprise Irelands predecessor in the 1990s.In her research, University of Minnesota professor Rachel Schurman has described how Chileans negative image of entrepreneurs as greedy exploiters was transformed in just one decade, as a direct result of the Chilean governments cooperative effort to liberalize Chiles economy. Until the 1980s, Chiles well-educated middle class wasnt entrepreneurial, avoided opportunity-driven investment, and preferred to consume rather than save and invest. But by the 1990s, Chiles new middle-class entrepreneurs were telling Schurman Today the youth, everybody, wants to be an entrepreneur. If a successful empresario is interviewed in the newspaper, everybody reads it. Why was he successful? How did he do it? Its a model that never existed before.The media can play an important role not just in celebrating wins but in changing attitudes. In Puerto Rico, El Nuevo Da, the largest insouciant newspaper, s upported local entrepreneurship by running a weekly page of start-up success stories. On the small island, these stories have quickly become part of the social dialogue and have raised awareness about the opportunities entrepreneurship presents, as well as the tools it requires.7 Stress the Roots.Its a mistake to flood even high-potential entrepreneurs with easy money More is not necessarily merrier. New ventures must be clear early to the rigors of the market. Just as grape growers withhold water from their vines to extend their root systems and make their grapes arrive more-concentrated flavor, governments should stress the roots of new ventures by meting out money carefully, to ensure that entrepreneurs develop toughness and resourcefulness. much(prenominal) measures also help weed out opportunists.In 2006 Malaysias Ministry of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development awarded 90% of some 21,000 applicants about $5,000 each in business support, strong evidence of the government s shipment to entrepreneurship. The program was part of an affirmative action program largely aimed at indigenous Malays, who were less entrepreneurial than the countrys business-minded Chinese immigrants. Yet Malay entrepreneurs themselves attribute the disappointing results partly to the fact that musical accompaniment was too loose and even stigmatized the Malay recipients as less capable.More broadly, Malaysian entrepreneurship-development programs, considered by many, including myself, to be among the most comprehensive programs in the world, have been criticized for actually inhibiting entrepreneurship among the Malays by unwittingly reinforcing their lack of risk taking. Similarly, recent reports on South Africas Black Economic Empowerment program have reached the conclusion that BEE has demoralised entrepreneurship among the bulk of black South Africans and has benefited primarily the elite and well-connected.In fact, the hardships of resource-scarce, even hostile, enviro nments often promote entrepreneurial resourcefulness. New Zealanders call Kiwi ingenuity number 8 wire In the countrys colonial days, the only plentiful resource was 8-gauge fencing wire, and New Zealanders learned to fix and make anything with it. Icelandic entrepreneurship is built upon a legacy of fishing when the fish are there, not when the weather is good.For years incubators or entrepreneurship centers that provide financial help, mentoring, and often space to start-ups have been popular with governments. But I have seen skimp rigorous evidence that these expensive programs contribute commensurately to entrepreneurship. One municipality in Latin America established 30 small incubators, but after several years only one venture out of more than 500 assisted by them had reached annual sales of $1 million.Though Israels renowned incubator program has helped launch more than 1,300 new ventures, relatively few of them have been big entrepreneurial successes. On the basis of my dis cussions with Israeli officials, I estimate that, among the hundreds of Israeli ventures that have been acquired at hefty valuations or taken public, at best 5% were hatched in incubators. And incubators definitely are not a quick fix. When well conceived and well managed, they can take 20 years or longer to generate a measurable impact on entrepreneurship. Poorly conceived and managed, they can be white elephants.