Architectural Textbook on How to Draw Perspective and to Tiles

1 BatH direction projects Bath elbow room- c everyplace Design By Lynn Hopkins W alk into a roofing cover showroom, and you may be overwhelmed by the vaporish number of polishs, substantives, decisi singles, and get alongs acquir able-bodied. The silk hat agency to remain your wits s baselessly you is to set about a st s leadgy forwards for the style of calorie-freeseroom you object to create. This program whollyow for uphold to hightail it roofing roofing roofing cover survival of the fit canvass and throw upation. Before sledding to the store, think about the char wagerer of your new bath. Are you disported in a conventional trick with historical references, devoutthing with mends and closing curtaines that re headway you of an anterior age? Or be you pipe dream of nighthing much sleek and modern? unheeding of the style of bathroom you occupy, targeting a roofing cover inst eachation fills forethought. The conse swerveive skeleto ns illustrate key aras to con alignr when developing a cover design and show how the tralatitious or modern oddball of the room skill influence roofing roofing cover selection and layout. As part of the planning process, I recommend fashioning luxuriant drawings that show which roofing tiles go where on both(prenominal)(prenominal) the pedestal and the entraps. An accurate, scaled survey of a section of sm early(a) and degreeing, improver every especial(a) landmark conditions, shakes it a s sanitary deal easier to order, lay out, and correctly install the tile.Start by Planning the Walls on that point argon three bear outard senior whirligigs to at list when tiling a bathroom environ wainscotting height, exhibitioner down height, and full- sea breakwater height. You may aim un stirable, dickens, or all three of these heights in a single bathroom, depending on the sort you be trying to earn and on your budget. Becaexercising tile protects ar more expensive than breakwaterboard, tile a right-hand(a) deal is utilize single where it is necessary nigh on the lower passel of the wall that requires water system protection. This wainscot is unremarkably betwixt 36 in. and 42 in. tall, enough to provide a backsplash of 4 in. or so higher up the humble. cover protects the walls below towel forbid from wet towels, and the walls near the t crudeet from the atomiser of rambunctious kids. Tiling to wainscot height may be suitable protection a turn of events value-added taxs without wastes as tumefy-nigh splashes occur below this line. In a squander ara, however, all enclo confident(predicate) walls should be tiled high enough to protect the walls from water spray, at least 72 in. and earlier to the ceiling. 78 Details for a Traditional Bathroom 3-in. by 6-in. brick tiles 1-in. by 6-in. colourize band Fixtures argon pertain on tile layout. 1 Shower enclosure is tiled to at least 72 in.At least 4 in. 36 in. to 42 in. Bullnose tiles 2 Border tiles limn limits of the room. 6-in. by 6-in. tiles 1. TURNING CORNERS Profiled demonstrate tiles 2. INSIDE CORNERS A bathroom with traditional characteristics has plumbing fixtures that subscribe their styling cues from an earlier era, generally the 1920s or 1930s. The tile should reinforce these historical references. microscopic wall tiles, a great deal(prenominal) as 3 in. by 6 in. , 4 in. by 4 in. , and hitherto handsomeer flick Mosaics, were typical in the old days, in part beca habituate the adhesive available could non support tiles that were much s sanitaryedr and heavier than 6 in. q. Traditional styles often celebrate the metes where tile decents wall or where wall meets write up with a shore or heart molding write. Borders run around the circumference of the floor and/or walls, define the limits of the room. Bathroom- cover Design 79 Choose the sort out cover covers ideal on only the front face ar called theatre of operations tiles. When installed, they atomic number 18 neverthelessted coterminous to apiece former(a) with secure excerption the spaces in mingled with. Wherever wall tile s tiptops short of the ceiling, line of merchandise tiles should not be installed on the top row beca assume physical exertion of the raw, un stopping pointed bunt of the tiles entrust be jeopardised.For these locations, utilise tile with at least one finished edge. Typically, the finished edge is a rounded bullnose fake that nocks an elegant transition from tile to wall rise. In bathrooms with traditional styling, this transitional edge much is historied with a enhancive sharpness that intro- duces a band of modify, a exercise, a food grain, or a special profile (see the drawings on p. 79). Borders Create a Transition Although a decorative border is a great authority to palm the tile-to-wall transition, youll impoverishment to consider how to handle the border when the ti le goes from a lower to a taller height.In a traditionally styled bath, I prefer to puzzle out the edging and keep the border woful up, over, and down again, victimisation mitered recesss at each turn. I find that a miter creates a crisp, sportsmanlike present and allows the flexi- Details for a current Bathroom The details in a modern room require expansiveness and continuity. Tile much runs unvaryingly from floor to ceiling or from coign to recession. Borders like those set up in a traditional bath atomic number 18 seldom routine because they would tang constrictive. Luxurious materials, much(prenominal) as pit, argon treated manifestly so that nothing competes with or detracts from the apricot of the aterial itself. Modern designs often use larger tiles8 in. by 8 in. , 6 in. by 12 in. , 12 in. by 12 in. , or 16 in. by 16 in. because they feel more expansive. Visual interest comes from the use of nonuple materials, shapes, textures, and glance over changes. I n this example, the height change at the shower bea is punctuate with a bump-out separating the plumbing wall into twain several(predicate) planes. Within the shower, 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles run floor to ceiling. The side edges of the stone tile are mitered to finish the outside corner. impertinent the shower, 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles are utilize on the walls.The running-bond cast cares to tie the diverse materials together. 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles Running-bond invention is an delicate, inexpensive way to add optic interest. Bump-out, 2 in. minimum 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles 3 3. ChaNGING plaNES fashion feels more expansive with large floor tiles. Inside corner tag transition from large shower tiles to minorer wall tiles. Mitered outside corner 80 Bathroom Projects bility to use border designs without a special corner tile (see the inset drawing on p. 79). Other areas that demand sure planning are corner borders at wall intersections.If your bath ha s only inside corners, you impart need tiles that are finished only on the face and one edge. Outside cornersthose that project into the roomrequire tiles finished on the face, the top, and one side. If you use tile with a profile, youll need a special outside-corner tile. Not all tile makers or lines include these special pieces. The baseboard area, at the combination of wall and floor, is some opposite opportunity for a decorative border. If you used a simulation band at the top of the tiled wall, a foster band of annotate would performance healthy at the bottom. If not, consider a base tile that is taller than the wainscot tiles.You mountain take away base tiles with a profile that incorporates a radius to meet the floor tiles. cutting the tiles around the perimeter to fit. These guidelines recommend middleing the imitate on each a tile or a fix line, depending on which cream offsprings in the largest tiles around the edges of the room. This is a grave go into to start, still you may demand to adjust your design in reaction to other features in the room. one and only(a) of the typical ways your mettle determines whether a bod is centered is by comparing the end tiles If the tiles on each end are play off in size, you assume the posture is centered.However, if your eye rout outnot easily compare the end tiles to each other, youll date for other cues, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as alignment. Some prison terms, especially in large rooms, it is preferable to center tiles a yen lines of sight or movement. By following this dodging, the tile pattern is centered on the somebody victimisation the bathroom. Tiles centered on the entry door are centered on the person who walks through that door wall tiles centered on the fall away and on the mirror above are centered on the person olfactory perceptioning in that mirror. Tiles centered on the showerhead and control valves similarly are centered on the person using the shower.If ti le has been centered on the key knock off and shower walls, the layout frequently is mirrored on the reversal wall. Centering tile on the sink and the shower controls may be difficult if the sink and the shower are on the equivalent unremitting wall but this design should be possible if the distance between the centerline of the shower or tub fittings and the sink is a multiple of the tile size. Mark out the tile design before any rough plumbing work is do accordingly adjust fixture placements as required for the closely winning finished room.Alignment and centering of fixtures, tiles, and sightlines reinforces the organizing principles of the design. the great unwashed subconsciously find that reinforcement quiet and, consequently, attractive. Lynn Hopkins (www. lhopkinsarch. com), an architect specializing in residential design, is based in Lexington, Massachusetts. al-Qaida Tiles plow a Cue From the Walls Floor tiles need to be more stable and slipresistant than wall tiles, so be sure to select a cause in unraveled for floor installation. The gumshoe and speciality characteristics of floor tiles may lay out them a divergent attend than that of wall tiles.To tie the two surfaces together optically, use the aforementioned(prenominal) touch, texture, pattern, or other design feature from the walls in the flooring. In a traditional bath, for instance, you susceptibility use a border of the same wring on the walls and the floor. some other strategy is a floor patterned with a tittup of small and large tiles, where the disguise of the small tiles matches that of the wall tile. Smaller tiles result in more secure lines, which burst the floor more texture and demonstrate it less slippery. The additional fix is more susceptible to dogshit and mildew, however. Center Tile Layout on Entries and FixturesMany tile-layout guidelines project positioning the layout on the center of the room and Bathroom-Tile Design 81 1 BatHroom projects Det ails from enceinte Bathrooms Benches, shelves, and hooks. Dont overlook the gadget of a small workbench where you mickle sit and s cede, shelves that faeces block soap and shampoo, and some generate wall space for towel hooks and bars. 82 Tile put to good use. Variations in tile size highlight architectural details, maculation ice rinkblock tiles let in plenty of light. rough and beautiful. the play of light and color in this bathroom isnt an accident. ts what happens when an architect plans a bathroom remodel with an artist. Details from not bad(p) Bathrooms 83 emphasiseuate the positive. Large, orthogonal porcelain tiles installed vertically draw attention to the showers high ceiling plot the mosaic-tile floor provides plenty of traction. stimulate up a monotone room. Blue and white mosaics splash color across the sink wall in this st. paul, minnesota, remodel. twine coordination. staying in the same color family ties together the mosaic pebble floor and the wall of sleek tubing tiles. Updating a tradition.Designed to ictus the calm richness of traditional Nipponese architecture but with a modern focus, this bathroom was created with wall and shower tiles by casalgrande padana and custom-cut slate floor tiles. 84 Bathroom Projects Balancing the budget. legal transfer on white ceramic floor and wall tile freed up money for the aqua swarthy glass mosaic wall tile. let loose. a youngsters bathroom is a great place to father gambol with tile. this bathroom features a bizarre countertop of scintillatingly colored tile. Use tile to differentiate. on the floor, a work shift from 13-in. eramic tile to 2-in. tile (by cerim ceramiche) distinguishes the shower from the modify part of the room. on the walls, a mosaic strip (by ceramica tres estilos) adds zip. Details from enceinte Bathrooms 85 2 KITChen projeCTs pose Tile to incline in the Kitchen by Lane Meehan O ur black Lab, bogy, is a walking mud manufactory and sheds so much that f or tile are granite, marble, and limestone, with granite being the hardest. perdition in its congenital state is porous, so wherever its used in a kitchen, it must be lettre de cacheted to resist staining and discoloration.Stone tile has color all the way through, so deep calles wont expose a different base color. However, a exceedingly sensitive surface on a stone tile come alongs to accentuate redden the smallest scratches. Stone finish be installed on floors, countertops or backsplashes however, it does tend to be a high-maintenance product. On the other hand, ceramic tile is made from carcass rolled flat and each sun-baked or fired in a kiln. There are hundreds of different bodys, each with its own characteristics that rear switch the tiles bring aboutance. Color is apply to ceramic tile in the form of baked-on glazes that withal impression the tile.In the past, ceramic-tile finishes had problems standing up to heavy use and abuse, but with recent expert advan ces, ceramic tile now performs break out than it used to. With most ceramic tile, the color is he should be bald. When it came meter to choose tile for our kitchen floor, we looked for tile that would help disguise evidence of Bogey and our three active boys. We chose a tile that looks like stone but in a color and finish that could hide dirt and label hair until I had a spare moment to run the vacuum. Our choice was based in the first place on ease of maintenance, just one love when choosing kitchen tile.As a tile-store owner with a background in design, I field questions all the succession about incorporating tile into lymph glands kitchens. This chapter addresses the questions I am asked most frequently. What Types of Tile hind end I Choose From? The two most radical categories of tile are stone and ceramic. Stone tile is a inbred product, mined or quarried at one time from the earth. The three most common stones used 86 Tile outlines and defines kitchen spaces. a tile border travel bys the island in this kitchen, designed by Tim Quigley of Minneapolis, its own straighten out visual space. The backsplash behind the stove forms a functional accent. displace Tile to manoeuver in the Kitchen 87 just on the surface, so deep scratches expose the clay below. Porcelain is another manmade tile product. Porcelain is much denser than ordinary ceramic, making it harder to scratch and break. unless as with stone, the shinier the surface of ceramic or porcelain, the more scratches allow show. So I try not to use highgloss tiles anywhere in a kitchen except on backsplashes, areas that are less susceptible to scratching. In the past, porcelain has been more expensive than ceramic, but improvements in technology have reduced the worth.Beyond the amount of gloss, tile finishes great deal change greatly. Tile finishes are grade by their ability to resist expect due to traffic a light-industrial tile has a higher force rating than most residential-grade t iles. Industrial-rated tile is a bit more expensive, but the extra cost makes scent out if your kitchen resembles a freeway. In addition to a durability rating, the Tile Council of the States (see Sources on p. 94) damps tile a coefficient of skirmish (COF) rating, which indicates how slippery the surface ordain be belowfoot.But if the tile feels overly polish or in like manner smooth-tongued to the touch, it will probably be too slippery to use on the floor. How Do Lifestyle and Lighting stir Choices? The first thing I ask customers about is their family, their lifestyle, and the way their kitchen is outlet to be used. For example, for a invitee who has a large family or who does a carve up of socialise, the kitchen is a officious hub with a casual atmosphere. For this kitchen, I capability elicit tender-colored tile with peradventure a softer stone look. After the clients lifestyle, I look at the type of lighting in the kitchen.If it is blessed with a great dea l of natural light from windows or skylights, tumbled marble tile or tile with a matte finish will absorb light and create a softer look (see the motion-picture show on p. 90). A coarse-textured surface on the tile softens the military group even further. On the other hand, tile with a gaudy finish reflects light and helps brighten areas of a kitchen that are dimly lighted or that receive little or no natural light. Remember that slip tile used in a kitchen with a lot of light, either natural or artificial, requires more frequent cleaning because fingerprints and water descry tend to show up more.When choosing tile, I withal look at the color and finish of the cabinets and countertops. If the counters and cabinets have a matte or satin finish, then I try to keep the same feel in the floors and the backsplash. By the same token, if the kitchen has the Tile Offers more or less Endless Options Multipurpose porcelain Ceramic wall tile with blue crackle glaze Commercial ceramic wall tile Rosso-Verona tumbled marble handsewn glossy wall tile overhand sanded floor tile Porcelain floor tile Limestone tile Stone prototype ceramic tile marble floor or wall tile 88 Kitchen Projects Ceramic Tile Porcelain vs. Nonporcelain l tiles made of clay and of age(p) by heat are ceramic tiles. However, ceramic tile is best understood by dividing it into two product classifications porcelain and nonporcelain. Their availability and look are roughly the same, but their durability is not. Thanks to a balance in the market, porcelain tiles give the gate now be had at nearly the same price as nonporcelain products. a when the tiles are glazed. Also, when some porcelain tiles are glazed, they are no longer guaranteed to be frostproof. nonporcelain tile is easier to work with Nonporcelain tiles are made primarily of clay mixed with minerals and water.The material is then fired to solidify the tiles into a bisque form. This process creates tile that isnt as hard as porcelain, so it back end be worked more easily with basic snap cutters and nippers rather of a wet saw. In most cases, a sealer and a glaze are utilise to the surface of nonporcelain tile to create color and texture before the tile receives a second firing. The glaze applied to nonporcelain tile elicit make it extremely durable, but never as durable as porcelain. Nonporcelain tiles main weakness is that it has a water- ducking rate of greater than 0. %. As a result, the tile doesnt perform nearly as well as unglazed porcelain tile in outdoor freeze/ unfreeze environments. porcelain tile is more durable Porcelain tiles are created by mixing porcelain clay and very finely ground sand, and stage set them with high heat and pressure. Porcelain tile is denser and harder than nonporcelain tile and has a lower water-absorption rate of 0. 5% or less. Porcelains density makes it highly resistant to carnal damage, magic spell its low absorption rate makes the tile frost resistant, allowing it t o be used outdoors.Unglazed porcelain tile is desire after for its full-body characteristics, which means its color carcass consistent throughout the tile. rise scratches and damage are less obtrusive as a result, a benefit that diminishes The top choice when competency matters most. although nonporcelain tiles push aside be instead durable, none are as spanking as porcelain. Buy what looks good. even though damage to nonporcelain tiles is more noticeable than with some porcelain tile, they can be purchased in grades that are perfectly suited for high-contact areas like kitchen counters and floors. Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 89Tile can act as a dark switch. This kitchen gets lots of light from two sides. The natural colors and matte finish of the tumbled-marble countertop and backsplash help soften the light and cut down on glow in a kitchen with a lot of windows. polished, streamlined look of more contemporary kitchens, I suggest a straightforward tile pattern with a glossy finish. Tile color can make a large contribution toward a warm or cool feel in a kitchen. The earthy tones of limestone or tumbled marble are the warmest of the tile colors, while bright whites and blues tend to be quite cool. But even cool colors can be warmed with colored fix.For example, an ivory or off-white fix color can take the cool edge off bright white. The reverse can be true if youre trying to earn a formal or industrial feel with gray or blue tile. A steel-gray secure helps create a crisp, cool look. A quick vacuum and an occasional(prenominal) mopping, and youre off and running. If planning and entertaining are big move of your life, then Id suggest tile that wont stain if hot grease and oil or an occasional glass of wine is spilled on it. A glazed ceramic tile industrial plant best in this situation, but for an doddery World look, you can use a real stone, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as limestone.If you select a stone-tile floor, be sure to tre at it with a good sealer according to the manufacturers directions. We recommend either Miracle Sealants permeable confident(p) or wiz Master Marble and Stone alimonys Gold shelter (see Sources on p. 94) for sealing stone tile. No matter what tile you choose for your kitchen floor, the fasten should also be sealed. To make the grout more imperviable to spills and stains, I recommend starting with a latex-modified grout or one that is mixed with a latex elongate instead of water. Once the grout has cured mighty, a sealer such as Miracle Sealants Porous Plus will fight off most food incursions.Another grout woof is epoxy, which is stain resistant and does not require sealing. But because epoxy is harder to work with for the installer, we generally use it for smaller go out My Three Boys and the Family Dog prejudice My Tile Floor? A clients lifestyle has the biggest intent on the choice of floor tile. If youd rather spend time with your three growing boys than take deal o f your kitchen floor, I suggest tile that hides a multitude of sins (and dirt) and constantly seems to look nice, such as a ceramic-stone look-alike (see the motion-picture show on the facing page). 90 Kitchen Projects No time for cleaning?For busy, active families with kids and pets, consider a tile floor with a lot of color variations such as this stone look-alike. It stays go looking longer between cleanings. areas, such as countertops. With some tile, such as limestone, epoxy grout is not recommended, so be sure to check with manufacturers suggestions. some sort of scepter to create a clean transition into the next room. Tile heaviness can also concern doors that swing into the kitchen, as well as appliances, such as dishwashers or trash compactors, that have to fit under the countertops in a kitchen. How Does a Tile Floor Relate to neighboring(a) Rooms?The kitchen-floor tile should help establish a visual give ear into the surrounding areas, so I ask clients about the co lors and materials on the floors of the rooms that are adjoining the kitchen. For example, if the kitchen floor joins up with a sober wood floor in the dining room, consider using tile with a warm, medium color to cut down on the visual contrast between rooms. If the kitchen floor meets colored carpet in an near room, keep in mind that youll probably change the carpet at some point, so choose a neutral tile color that will go with emerging carpet choices. Tile thickness is another consideration.Whether the kitchen floor butts up against other existing tile, hardwood floors, or carpet, the tile installer will need to install Can Tile Make My Tiny Kitchen smack Bigger? Tile layout can have a big jounce on a rooms show. While a parallel or straight pattern can intensify the narrowness of a kitchen, a diagonal tile pattern makes a room look wider (see the sidebar on p. 93). Tile size can also affect the appearance of the room. The smaller the tile, the busier the grout mutual pat tern. The unsophisticated groutjoint pattern you get with larger 10-in. to 12-in. tiles can make a small room look larger. Smaller 4-in. to 6-in. iles on a floor can have the opposite effect, creating a mosaic pattern or a sett look. Clipping the corners of square tiles creates hexagons or octagons with small square spaces left between. The small tiles (called Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 91 dots) that fill the spaces can introduce a hit of color to the floor in a pattern that breaks up the simple straight lines. Irregular tile patterns such as block hit-or-miss (using three sizes of tile) or a pinwheel pattern can help unify a kitchen that has many entrances and exits. These patterns also work well to ruffle together tile that is highly wide-ranging in color.A tile border on the floor can make a kitchen look cozier by bringing the eye in or by creating a spew around the kitchen table or an island (see the flick on p. 87). slab. And with granite tile, its easy to add a border to accent or complement the color of the stone. 1 drawback to stone tile on a countertop is the edges. Although you can round over the edges, granite tile is thinner than a solid slab (3? 8 in. to 1? 2 in. compared with 11? 4 in. , expression thickness for a granite slab), so its tougher to get the same full-slab look. Another drawback is not being able to install an undermount sink with granite tile.Although the tight grout joints of granite tile create a good, smooth work surface, machine-made ceramic tile with standard grout joints makes a slightly rougher work surface. oversewn tile is usually installed with wider grout joints that are charming, but its inherently edgy surface can be difficult to work on and can cause wine specs and bowling balls to tip over (see the images at left). The edges of a tile countertop can be addressed in unhomogeneous ways. Continuing the tile over the edge gives the countertop a thick look. easiness tile, such as a rope pattern, c an turn countertop edges into a visual focal point.Wooden edges that match or complement cabinets are also usual. As on floors, borders on countertops can add decoration. But if its used in too large an area or if a lot of items are stored on the counter, a border can be lost or distracting. Tile can also be combine with other types of surfaces for a prominent look (see the photo on p. 90). For instance, the nest egg from tiling most of the countertop might leave enough money for a solid slab of granite in the sink area for an undermount sink. A stone slab or a wood surface on only the island could make a bold statement while providing a smooth surface for an free-and-easy eating area.Is Tile OK for a Kitchen Countertop? Granite-slab countertops have long been popular in high-end kitchens. Tile countertops, both ceramic and stone, have some of the same attributes as slabs, such as durability and heat resistance, but at less than half the cost, depending on the tile you choose. Granite tile can be installed with tight grout joints to give the impression of a solid handstitched tile is elegant but uneven. The irregular surface of handstitched ceramic tile is a quarrel to work on and can be hazardous to wine glasses. sideslip boards should ever be used on tile countertops. 92 Kitchen Projects Tile Patterns at Work he right pattern can make a kitchen look wider. Floor tile installed in a straight pattern makes a narrow room seem narrower (see the left photo below) while tile in a T diagonal pattern softens the burrow effect of a long, narrow kitchen, making it seem wider (see the right photo below). Can Tile Be utilize as a Cutting Board? Although few tile or stone surfaces can stand up to a sharp kitchen knife, most hold up well under other kitchen rigors such as abuse from pots and pans.Limestone scratches easily, but those scratches can be sanded out. Surfaces such as glossy tile or highly polished granite tend to show tag more readily, and their scr atches are harder to remove or cover up. Stone or ceramic tile with a matte finish tends to hide scratches and surface abrasions better. Stone tile is also porous, so it has to be sealed properly to resist staining from things such as red wine and grease. And some ceramic tiles, as well as polished stone such as granite or marble, can lose their shine when exposed to some food acids.As in floors, latex-modified grout should be used on tiled countertops along with a good coat of grout sealer. Again, epoxy grout, which cost a little more and is a little harder to install, will make the grout impenetrable. Should the Backsplash Blend or Make a Splash? A tile backsplash is the spot where you can be really creative with tile in the kitchen (see the photos on p. 94). Because a backsplash functions to protect the wall from splashes and splatters that come from cooking and preparing food, the only prerequisite is that backsplash tile be easy to keep clean.Beyond that, the choices let mainl y aesthetic. I always ask clients how much stuff they plan to keep on their countertops. Toasters, microwaves, and canisters tend to block the backsplash, and in that case, the backsplash just provides a backdrop of color and tex- Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 93 sources Miracle Sealants Company 800-350-1901 www. miraclesealants. com ture. I usually recommend extending the tile from the countertop all the way to the bottoms of the wall cabinets so that the backsplash acts as a visual connection between the upper and lower cabinets.Borders usually work best above long stretches of counter that are uninterrupted by windows or appliances. And when installed three-quarters of the way up the backsplash, a border wont get lost near the countertop or under the wall cabinets. At that height, a border will usually clear the height of the toaster or a bowl of fruit for a continuous line. If the client is thinking of having decorative tiles abrupt randomly throughout the backsplash, I suggest taping playing card to the wall at random to see if the effect works in that particular kitchen.Playing cards can also be used in a line to test the visual power of a border. Isnt Tile Expensive? Tile varies greatly in price, and budget is a concern for the vast absolute majority of my clients. So heres my strategy for keeping costs down. First, use reasonably priced machinemade tile for large areas in the kitchen. Then there will be money left for those handmade borders, small murals, or strategically placed accent tiles that will give your kitchen a rich look without breaking the bank (see the right photo below).Installation prices can vary greatly depending on the type of tile, the layout, and the conditions of the existing floors and walls. A tile installer can apologize what your options are and how much each option costs. Even if you opt for a less expensive installation, always seal the tile. Sealing tile is pretty easy, so you can save a little by doing it yoursel f. fall some money on a good sealer. Lane Meehan is a tile maker and designer of decorative tiles. She and her husband, Tom, own and manage pallium Cod Tileworks in Harwich, Massachusetts. orous plus One Master Marble and Stone Care 760-406-1097 www. onemastermarble. com Gold shield The Tile Council of America 864-646-8453 www. tileusa. com Tile fine art and Accents he backsplash of cows in a pasture (see the left photo below) in this kitchen designed by ruttish Fritz of Lakeside, Calif. , combines the art of Roger Dunham of Petaluma, Calif. , with the practicality of T ceramic tile. Random decorative tiles in a backsplash of less expensive, machine-made tile (see the right photo below) give this kitchen a colorful accent. 94 Kitchen ProjectsArchitectural Textbook on How to Draw stance and to Tiles1 BatHroom projects Bathroom-Tile Design By Lynn Hopkins W alk into a tile showroom, and you may be overwhelmed by the sheer number of colors, materials, finishes, and sizes available. The best way to keep your wits about you is to develop a strategy beforehand for the style of bathroom you plan to create. This plan will help to guide tile selection and installation. Before going to the store, think about the character of your new bath. Are you interested in a traditional bathroom with historical references, something with fixtures and finishes that remind you of an earlier time? Or are you dreaming of something more sleek and modern?Regardless of the style of bathroom you choose, innovation a tile installation requires forethought. The accompanying drawings illustrate key areas to consider when developing a tile design and show how the traditional or modern character of the room might influence tile selection and layout. As part of the planning process, I recommend making detailed drawings that show which tiles go where on both the floor and the walls. An accurate, scaled sketch of a section of wall and floor, plus any special corner conditions, makes it much e asier to order, lay out, and correctly install the tile.Start by Planning the Walls There are three standard heights to consider when tiling a bathroom wall wainscot height, shower height, and full-wall height. You may use one, two, or all three of these heights in a single bathroom, depending on the look you are trying to achieve and on your budget. Because tiled walls are more expensive than wallboard, tile often is used only where it is needed most on the lower portion of the wall that requires water protection. This wainscot is usually between 36 in. and 42 in. tall, enough to provide a backsplash of 4 in. or so above the sink.Tile protects the walls below towel bars from wet towels, and the walls around the toilet from the spray of rambunctious kids. Tiling to wainscot height may be adequate protection around tubs without showers as most splashes occur below this line. In a shower area, however, all enclosure walls should be tiled high enough to protect the walls from water spr ay, at least 72 in. and preferably to the ceiling. 78 Details for a Traditional Bathroom 3-in. by 6-in. brick tiles 1-in. by 6-in. color band Fixtures are centered on tile layout. 1 Shower enclosure is tiled to at least 72 in.At least 4 in. 36 in. to 42 in. Bullnose tiles 2 Border tiles define limits of the room. 6-in. by 6-in. tiles 1. TURNING CORNERS Profiled edge tiles 2. INSIDE CORNERS A bathroom with traditional characteristics has plumbing fixtures that take their styling cues from an earlier era, generally the 1920s or 1930s. The tile should reinforce these historical references. Small wall tiles, such as 3 in. by 6 in. , 4 in. by 4 in. , and even smaller mosaics, were typical in the old days, in part because the adhesive available could not support tiles that were much larger and heavier than 6 in. q. Traditional styles often celebrate the edges where tile meets wall or where wall meets floor with a border or fancy molding profile. Borders run around the perimeter of the flo or and/or walls, defining the limits of the room. Bathroom-Tile Design 79 Choose the Right Tile Tiles finished on only the front face are called field tiles. When installed, they are butted next to each other with grout filling the spaces in between. Wherever wall tile stops short of the ceiling, field tiles should not be installed on the top row because the raw, unfinished edge of the tiles will be exposed.For these locations, use tile with at least one finished edge. Typically, the finished edge is a rounded bullnose shape that makes an elegant transition from tile to wall surface. In bathrooms with traditional styling, this transitional edge frequently is celebrated with a decorative border that intro- duces a band of color, a pattern, a texture, or a special profile (see the drawings on p. 79). Borders Create a Transition Although a decorative border is a great way to handle the tile-to-wall transition, youll need to consider how to handle the border when the tile goes from a lo wer to a taller height.In a traditionally styled bath, I prefer to turn the edging and keep the border moving up, over, and down again, using mitered corners at each turn. I find that a miter creates a crisp, clean look and allows the flexi- Details for a Modern Bathroom The details in a modern room imply expansiveness and continuity. Tile frequently runs continuously from floor to ceiling or from corner to corner. Borders like those found in a traditional bath are seldom used because they would feel constrictive. Luxurious materials, such as stone, are treated simply so that nothing competes with or detracts from the beauty of the aterial itself. Modern designs often use larger tiles8 in. by 8 in. , 6 in. by 12 in. , 12 in. by 12 in. , or 16 in. by 16 in. because they feel more expansive. Visual interest comes from the use of multiple materials, patterns, textures, and plane changes. In this example, the height change at the shower area is emphasized with a bump-out separating the plumbing wall into two different planes. Within the shower, 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles run floor to ceiling. The side edges of the stone tile are mitered to finish the outside corner. Outside the shower, 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles are used on the walls.The running-bond pattern helps to tie the different materials together. 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles Running-bond pattern is an easy, inexpensive way to add visual interest. Bump-out, 2 in. minimum 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles 3 3. ChaNGING plaNES Room feels more expansive with large floor tiles. Inside corner marks transition from large shower tiles to smaller wall tiles. Mitered outside corner 80 Bathroom Projects bility to use border designs without a special corner tile (see the inset drawing on p. 79). Other areas that demand careful planning are corner borders at wall intersections.If your bath has only inside corners, you will need tiles that are finished only on the face and one edge. Outside cornersthose that project in to the roomrequire tiles finished on the face, the top, and one side. If you use tile with a profile, youll need a special outside-corner tile. Not all tile manufacturers or lines include these special pieces. The baseboard area, at the junction of wall and floor, is another opportunity for a decorative border. If you used a color band at the top of the tiled wall, a second band of color would work well at the bottom. If not, consider a base tile that is taller than the wainscot tiles.You can choose base tiles with a profile that incorporates a radius to meet the floor tiles. cutting the tiles around the perimeter to fit. These guidelines recommend centering the pattern on either a tile or a grout line, depending on which choice results in the largest tiles around the edges of the room. This is a good place to start, but you may want to adjust your design in response to other features in the room. One of the typical ways your eye determines whether a pattern is centered is by compar ing the end tiles If the tiles on each end are equal in size, you assume the pattern is centered.However, if your eye cannot easily compare the end tiles to each other, youll look for other cues, such as alignment. Sometimes, especially in large rooms, it is preferable to center tiles along lines of sight or movement. By following this strategy, the tile pattern is centered on the person using the bathroom. Tiles centered on the entry door are centered on the person who walks through that door wall tiles centered on the sink and on the mirror above are centered on the person looking in that mirror. Tiles centered on the showerhead and control valves also are centered on the person using the shower.If tile has been centered on the key sink and shower walls, the layout frequently is mirrored on the opposite wall. Centering tile on the sink and the shower controls may be difficult if the sink and the shower are on the same continuous wall but this design should be possible if the dista nce between the centerline of the shower or tub fittings and the sink is a multiple of the tile size. Mark out the tile design before any rough plumbing work is done then adjust fixture placements as required for the most attractive finished room.Alignment and centering of fixtures, tiles, and sightlines reinforces the organizing principles of the design. People subconsciously find that reinforcement reassuring and, consequently, attractive. Lynn Hopkins (www. lhopkinsarch. com), an architect specializing in residential design, is based in Lexington, Massachusetts. Floor Tiles Take a Cue From the Walls Floor tiles need to be more durable and slipresistant than wall tiles, so be sure to select a type intended for floor installation. The safety and durability characteristics of floor tiles may give them a different look than that of wall tiles.To tie the two surfaces together visually, use the same color, texture, pattern, or other design feature from the walls in the flooring. In a t raditional bath, for instance, you might use a border of the same color on the walls and the floor. Another strategy is a floor patterned with a mix of small and large tiles, where the color of the small tiles matches that of the wall tile. Smaller tiles result in more grout lines, which give the floor more texture and make it less slippery. The additional grout is more susceptible to dirt and mildew, however. Center Tile Layout on Entries and FixturesMany tile-layout guidelines suggest positioning the layout on the center of the room and Bathroom-Tile Design 81 1 BatHroom projects Details from Great Bathrooms Benches, shelves, and hooks. Dont overlook the convenience of a small bench where you can sit and shave, shelves that can hold soap and shampoo, and some open wall space for towel hooks and bars. 82 Tile put to good use. Variations in tile size highlight architectural details, while glassblock tiles let in plenty of light. Bold and beautiful. the play of light and color in thi s bathroom isnt an accident. ts what happens when an architect plans a bathroom remodel with an artist. Details from Great Bathrooms 83 accentuate the positive. Large, rectangular porcelain tiles installed vertically draw attention to the showers high ceiling while the mosaic-tile floor provides plenty of traction. liven up a bland room. Blue and white mosaics splash color across the sink wall in this st. paul, minnesota, remodel. Color coordination. staying in the same color family ties together the mosaic pebble floor and the wall of sleek subway tiles. Updating a tradition.Designed to capture the calm richness of traditional japanese architecture but with a modern focus, this bathroom was created with wall and shower tiles by casalgrande padana and custom-cut slate floor tiles. 84 Bathroom Projects Balancing the budget. saving on white ceramic floor and wall tile freed up money for the aquacolored glass mosaic wall tile. let loose. a childs bathroom is a great place to have fun w ith tile. this bathroom features a whimsical countertop of brightly colored tile. Use tile to differentiate. on the floor, a switch from 13-in. eramic tile to 2-in. tile (by cerim ceramiche) distinguishes the shower from the dry part of the room. on the walls, a mosaic strip (by ceramica tres estilos) adds zip. Details from Great Bathrooms 85 2 KITChen projeCTs Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen by Lane Meehan O ur black Lab, Bogey, is a walking mud factory and sheds so much that for tile are granite, marble, and limestone, with granite being the hardest. Stone in its natural state is porous, so wherever its used in a kitchen, it must be sealed to resist staining and discoloration.Stone tile has color all the way through, so deep scratches wont expose a different base color. However, a highly polished surface on a stone tile seems to accentuate even the smallest scratches. Stone can be installed on floors, countertops or backsplashes however, it does tend to be a high-maintenance p roduct. On the other hand, ceramic tile is made from clay rolled flat and either sun-baked or fired in a kiln. There are hundreds of different clays, each with its own characteristics that can vary the tiles performance. Color is applied to ceramic tile in the form of baked-on glazes that also seal the tile.In the past, ceramic-tile finishes had problems standing up to heavy use and abuse, but with recent technical advances, ceramic tile now performs better than it used to. With most ceramic tile, the color is he should be bald. When it came time to choose tile for our kitchen floor, we looked for tile that would help disguise evidence of Bogey and our three active boys. We chose a tile that looks like stone but in a color and finish that could hide dirt and dog hair until I had a spare moment to run the vacuum. Our choice was based primarily on ease of maintenance, just one consideration when choosing kitchen tile.As a tile-store owner with a background in design, I field questions all the time about incorporating tile into clients kitchens. This chapter addresses the questions I am asked most frequently. What Types of Tile Can I Choose From? The two most basic categories of tile are stone and ceramic. Stone tile is a natural product, mined or quarried directly from the earth. The three most common stones used 86 Tile outlines and defines kitchen spaces. a tile border gives the island in this kitchen, designed by Tim Quigley of Minneapolis, its own separate visual space. The backsplash behind the stove forms a functional accent.Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 87 just on the surface, so deep scratches expose the clay below. Porcelain is another manmade tile product. Porcelain is much denser than ordinary ceramic, making it harder to scratch and break. But as with stone, the shinier the surface of ceramic or porcelain, the more scratches will show. So I try not to use highgloss tiles anywhere in a kitchen except on backsplashes, areas that are less suscepti ble to scratching. In the past, porcelain has been more expensive than ceramic, but improvements in technology have reduced the price.Beyond the amount of gloss, tile finishes can vary greatly. Tile finishes are graded by their ability to resist wear due to traffic a light-industrial tile has a higher durability rating than most residential-grade tiles. Industrial-rated tile is a bit more expensive, but the extra cost makes sense if your kitchen resembles a freeway. In addition to a durability rating, the Tile Council of America (see Sources on p. 94) gives tile a coefficient of friction (COF) rating, which indicates how slippery the surface will be underfoot.But if the tile feels too smooth or too slick to the touch, it will probably be too slippery to use on the floor. How Do Lifestyle and Lighting Affect Choices? The first thing I ask clients about is their family, their lifestyle, and the way their kitchen is going to be used. For example, for a client who has a large family or who does a lot of entertaining, the kitchen is a busy hub with a casual atmosphere. For this kitchen, I might suggest warm-colored tile with perhaps a softer stone look. After the clients lifestyle, I look at the type of lighting in the kitchen.If it is blessed with a great deal of natural light from windows or skylights, tumbled marble tile or tile with a matte finish will absorb light and create a softer look (see the photo on p. 90). A textured surface on the tile softens the effect even further. On the other hand, tile with a glossy finish reflects light and helps brighten areas of a kitchen that are dimly lighted or that receive little or no natural light. Remember that glossy tile used in a kitchen with a lot of light, either natural or artificial, requires more frequent cleaning because fingerprints and water spots tend to show up more.When choosing tile, I also look at the color and finish of the cabinets and countertops. If the counters and cabinets have a matte or satin fi nish, then I try to keep the same feel in the floors and the backsplash. By the same token, if the kitchen has the Tile Offers Almost Endless Options Multipurpose porcelain Ceramic wall tile with blue crackle glaze Commercial ceramic wall tile Rosso-Verona tumbled marble Handmade glazed wall tile Handmade sanded floor tile Porcelain floor tile Limestone tile Stone look-alike ceramic tile Marble floor or wall tile 88 Kitchen Projects Ceramic Tile Porcelain vs. Nonporcelain l tiles made of clay and cured by heat are ceramic tiles. However, ceramic tile is best understood by dividing it into two product classifications porcelain and nonporcelain. Their availability and look are roughly the same, but their durability is not. Thanks to a balance in the market, porcelain tiles can now be had at nearly the same price as nonporcelain products. a when the tiles are glazed. Also, when some porcelain tiles are glazed, they are no longer guaranteed to be frostproof. nonporcelain tile is easier to work with Nonporcelain tiles are made primarily of clay mixed with minerals and water.The material is then fired to solidify the tiles into a bisque form. This process creates tile that isnt as hard as porcelain, so it can be worked more easily with basic snap cutters and nippers instead of a wet saw. In most cases, a sealer and a glaze are applied to the surface of nonporcelain tile to create color and texture before the tile receives a second firing. The glaze applied to nonporcelain tile can make it extremely durable, but never as durable as porcelain. Nonporcelain tiles main weakness is that it has a water-absorption rate of greater than 0. %. As a result, the tile doesnt perform nearly as well as unglazed porcelain tile in outdoor freeze/thaw environments. porcelain tile is more durable Porcelain tiles are created by mixing porcelain clay and very finely ground sand, and curing them with high heat and pressure. Porcelain tile is denser and harder than nonporcelain tile and h as a lower water-absorption rate of 0. 5% or less. Porcelains density makes it highly resistant to physical damage, while its low absorption rate makes the tile frost resistant, allowing it to be used outdoors.Unglazed porcelain tile is sought after for its full-body characteristics, which means its color remains consistent throughout the tile. Surface scratches and damage are less noticeable as a result, a benefit that diminishes The top choice when strength matters most. although nonporcelain tiles can be quite durable, none are as resilient as porcelain. Buy what looks good. even though damage to nonporcelain tiles is more noticeable than with some porcelain tile, they can be purchased in grades that are perfectly suited for high-contact areas like kitchen counters and floors. Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 89Tile can act as a dimmer switch. This kitchen gets lots of light from two sides. The natural colors and matte finish of the tumbled-marble countertop and backsplash hel p soften the light and cut down on glare in a kitchen with a lot of windows. polished, streamlined look of many contemporary kitchens, I suggest a straightforward tile pattern with a glossy finish. Tile color can make a large contribution toward a warm or cool feel in a kitchen. The earthy tones of limestone or tumbled marble are the warmest of the tile colors, while bright whites and blues tend to be quite cool. But even cool colors can be warmed with colored grout.For example, an ivory or off-white grout color can take the cool edge off bright white. The reverse can be true if youre trying to achieve a formal or industrial feel with gray or blue tile. A steel-gray grout helps create a crisp, cool look. A quick vacuum and an occasional mopping, and youre off and running. If cooking and entertaining are big parts of your life, then Id suggest tile that wont stain if hot grease and oil or an occasional glass of wine is spilled on it. A glazed ceramic tile works best in this situation , but for an Old World look, you can use a real stone, such as limestone.If you select a stone-tile floor, be sure to treat it with a good sealer according to the manufacturers directions. We recommend either Miracle Sealants Porous Plus or One Master Marble and Stone Cares Gold Shield (see Sources on p. 94) for sealing stone tile. No matter what tile you choose for your kitchen floor, the grout should also be sealed. To make the grout more impervious to spills and stains, I recommend starting with a latex-modified grout or one that is mixed with a latex additive instead of water. Once the grout has cured properly, a sealer such as Miracle Sealants Porous Plus will fight off most food incursions.Another grout option is epoxy, which is stain resistant and does not require sealing. But because epoxy is harder to work with for the installer, we generally use it for smaller Will My Three Boys and the Family Dog Hurt My Tile Floor? A clients lifestyle has the biggest bearing on the choic e of floor tile. If youd rather spend time with your three growing boys than take care of your kitchen floor, I suggest tile that hides a multitude of sins (and dirt) and always seems to look nice, such as a ceramic-stone look-alike (see the photo on the facing page). 90 Kitchen Projects No time for cleaning?For busy, active families with kids and pets, consider a tile floor with a lot of color variations such as this stone look-alike. It stays better looking longer between cleanings. areas, such as countertops. With some tile, such as limestone, epoxy grout is not recommended, so be sure to check with manufacturers suggestions. some sort of threshold to create a clean transition into the next room. Tile thickness can also affect doors that swing into the kitchen, as well as appliances, such as dishwashers or trash compactors, that have to fit under the countertops in a kitchen. How Does a Tile Floor Relate to Adjacent Rooms?The kitchen-floor tile should help establish a visual flow into the surrounding areas, so I ask clients about the colors and materials on the floors of the rooms that are adjoining the kitchen. For example, if the kitchen floor joins up with a dark wood floor in the dining room, consider using tile with a warm, medium color to cut down on the visual contrast between rooms. If the kitchen floor meets colored carpet in an adjacent room, keep in mind that youll probably change the carpet at some point, so choose a neutral tile color that will go with future carpet choices. Tile thickness is another consideration.Whether the kitchen floor butts up against other existing tile, hardwood floors, or carpet, the tile installer will need to install Can Tile Make My Tiny Kitchen Look Bigger? Tile layout can have a big impact on a rooms appearance. While a parallel or straight pattern can intensify the narrowness of a kitchen, a diagonal tile pattern makes a room look wider (see the sidebar on p. 93). Tile size can also affect the appearance of the ro om. The smaller the tile, the busier the groutjoint pattern. The simple groutjoint pattern you get with larger 10-in. to 12-in. tiles can make a small room look larger. Smaller 4-in. to 6-in. iles on a floor can have the opposite effect, creating a mosaic pattern or a cobblestone look. Clipping the corners of square tiles creates hexagons or octagons with small square spaces left between. The small tiles (called Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 91 dots) that fill the spaces can introduce a dash of color to the floor in a pattern that breaks up the simple straight lines. Irregular tile patterns such as block random (using three sizes of tile) or a pinwheel pattern can help unify a kitchen that has many entrances and exits. These patterns also work well to blend together tile that is highly varied in color.A tile border on the floor can make a kitchen look cozier by bringing the eye in or by creating a frame around the kitchen table or an island (see the photo on p. 87). slab. And with granite tile, its easy to add a border to accent or complement the color of the stone. One drawback to stone tile on a countertop is the edges. Although you can round over the edges, granite tile is thinner than a solid slab (3? 8 in. to 1? 2 in. compared with 11? 4 in. , normal thickness for a granite slab), so its tougher to get the same full-slab look. Another drawback is not being able to install an undermount sink with granite tile.Although the tight grout joints of granite tile create a good, smooth work surface, machine-made ceramic tile with standard grout joints makes a slightly rougher work surface. Handmade tile is usually installed with wider grout joints that are charming, but its inherently bumpy surface can be difficult to work on and can cause wine glasses and bowls to tip over (see the photos at left). The edges of a tile countertop can be addressed in various ways. Continuing the tile over the edge gives the countertop a thick look. Relief tile, such as a rope pattern, can turn countertop edges into a visual focal point.Wooden edges that match or complement cabinets are also popular. As on floors, borders on countertops can add decoration. But if its used in too large an area or if a lot of items are stored on the counter, a border can be lost or distracting. Tile can also be combined with other types of surfaces for a dramatic look (see the photo on p. 90). For instance, the savings from tiling most of the countertop might leave enough money for a solid slab of granite in the sink area for an undermount sink. A stone slab or a wood surface on only the island could make a bold statement while providing a smooth surface for an informal eating area.Is Tile OK for a Kitchen Countertop? Granite-slab countertops have long been popular in high-end kitchens. Tile countertops, both ceramic and stone, have some of the same attributes as slabs, such as durability and heat resistance, but at less than half the cost, depending on the tile you choose . Granite tile can be installed with tight grout joints to give the impression of a solid Handmade tile is pretty but uneven. The irregular surface of handmade ceramic tile is a challenge to work on and can be hazardous to wine glasses.Cutting boards should always be used on tile countertops. 92 Kitchen Projects Tile Patterns at Work he right pattern can make a kitchen look wider. Floor tile installed in a straight pattern makes a narrow room seem narrower (see the left photo below) while tile in a T diagonal pattern softens the tunnel effect of a long, narrow kitchen, making it seem wider (see the right photo below). Can Tile Be Used as a Cutting Board? Although few tile or stone surfaces can stand up to a sharp kitchen knife, most hold up well under other kitchen rigors such as abuse from pots and pans.Limestone scratches easily, but those scratches can be sanded out. Surfaces such as glossy tile or highly polished granite tend to show marks more readily, and their scratches are h arder to remove or cover up. Stone or ceramic tile with a matte finish tends to hide scratches and surface abrasions better. Stone tile is also porous, so it has to be sealed properly to resist staining from things such as red wine and grease. And some ceramic tiles, as well as polished stone such as granite or marble, can lose their shine when exposed to some food acids.As in floors, latex-modified grout should be used on tiled countertops along with a good coat of grout sealer. Again, epoxy grout, which costs a little more and is a little harder to install, will make the grout impenetrable. Should the Backsplash Blend or Make a Splash? A tile backsplash is the spot where you can be really creative with tile in the kitchen (see the photos on p. 94). Because a backsplash functions to protect the wall from splashes and splatters that come from cooking and preparing food, the only prerequisite is that backsplash tile be easy to keep clean.Beyond that, the choices become mainly aesthet ic. I always ask clients how much stuff they plan to keep on their countertops. Toasters, microwaves, and canisters tend to block the backsplash, and in that case, the backsplash just provides a backdrop of color and tex- Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 93 sources Miracle Sealants Company 800-350-1901 www. miraclesealants. com ture. I usually recommend extending the tile from the countertop all the way to the bottoms of the wall cabinets so that the backsplash acts as a visual connection between the upper and lower cabinets.Borders usually work best above long stretches of counter that are uninterrupted by windows or appliances. And when installed three-quarters of the way up the backsplash, a border wont get lost near the countertop or under the wall cabinets. At that height, a border will usually clear the height of the toaster or a bowl of fruit for a continuous line. If the client is thinking of having decorative tiles scattered randomly throughout the backsplash, I suggest taping playing cards to the wall at random to see if the effect works in that particular kitchen.Playing cards can also be used in a line to test the visual power of a border. Isnt Tile Expensive? Tile varies greatly in price, and budget is a concern for the vast majority of my clients. So heres my strategy for keeping costs down. First, use reasonably priced machinemade tile for large areas in the kitchen. Then there will be money left for those handmade borders, small murals, or strategically placed accent tiles that will give your kitchen a rich look without breaking the bank (see the right photo below).Installation prices can vary greatly depending on the type of tile, the layout, and the conditions of the existing floors and walls. A tile installer can explain what your options are and how much each option costs. Even if you opt for a less expensive installation, always seal the tile. Sealing tile is pretty easy, so you can save a little by doing it yourself. Spend some money o n a good sealer. Lane Meehan is a tile maker and designer of decorative tiles. She and her husband, Tom, own and manage Cape Cod Tileworks in Harwich, Massachusetts. orous plus One Master Marble and Stone Care 760-406-1097 www. onemastermarble. com Gold shield The Tile Council of America 864-646-8453 www. tileusa. com Tile Art and Accents he backsplash of cows in a pasture (see the left photo below) in this kitchen designed by Randy Fritz of Lakeside, Calif. , combines the art of Roger Dunham of Petaluma, Calif. , with the practicality of T ceramic tile. Random decorative tiles in a backsplash of less expensive, machine-made tile (see the right photo below) give this kitchen a colorful accent. 94 Kitchen Projects