The Israeli & U.S. Political Systems Compared

Merchant vessels carry the peg of the nation where they are registered; these registries understructure be "flags of public toilet" (FOC) importation that the ship's owners may drop very few ties to the nation of registry, or vessels may carry the registration of their "home" country. Panama and Liberia are two countries which routinely issue FOCs, and they do so for relatively low fees. However, these nations are also slow to enforce brush asideonical standards on vessels flying their flags (Williams, 2001).

Manning costs (the costs associated with staffing a special vessel for a particular voyage) are among the most erogenous costs to ship owners and one of the most controllable (Haralambides, 1991). Innovations much(prenominal) as containers and computers (as well as the advent of engines in the tardy nineteenth century) have reduced the number of people undeniable to operate a vessel, even when the vessel is of considerable size. Traditionally, the tokenish requirement for sea duty is to be physically tally (an "able-bodied" seaman) and leave aloneing to be absent from home for across-the-board periods of time. Over the centuries, ship owners have taken advantage of the situation that labor was plentiful and have often paid less-than- b supposeline contend to their crews.

The trifle environment aboard ship is different from the work environment for most land-based jobs. Shifts (or watches) are required 24-hours a day, and duties can vary bas

The minimum charter for merchant mariners is based on the ship's country of registry. Although international equity requires that seamen be paid in a timely personal manner and according to the minimum net profit standard, the widespread use of flags of convenience and the lack of uni earnity in the industry make it embarrassing to enforce minimum wages. However, international organizations have set minimum wage levels using the American dollar as the capital and large ship owners and seamen's' unions use that level as a guideline for their negotiations. The maritime industry, with its international population, its unique work environment, and its planetary nature, makes it difficult to enforce workplace regulations whether those regulations are regarding health and rubber or minimum wage.

Nonetheless, workers are plausibly to continue to try out minimum wages for their work, and some ship owners are likely to continue to resist agreeing to those wages.

Mazur, J. (1995, July-August). The Minimum wage revisited. Challenge, pp. 23-28.

Ginzberg, E. (1976). The Human economy. fresh York: McGraw-Hill.

Under this view, a minimum wage not further has the effect of increasing the pay for workers, but that this effect is well for business. According to this view, an increased minimum wage means that workers will be able to purchase more goods and services, including those very goods and service that they produce. The result is that the cost of the minimum wage (which is higher than employers would have otherwise paid) is won back by the employer in the form of higher sales. Unused capacity is therefore put into service, and the susceptibility of employers is increased at the same time that the minimum wage is imposed (Mazur, 1995).

Manufactured products sell for a given price, which can be quickly ascertained by potential consumers. in that location may be hidden costs, such as the proximity of the vendor to the customer, or the time between the time an order is placed and the time it is delivered,
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